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The next schematic shows the 802.3af standard allowing both DC power and digital data to be communicated over the same pairs of wires. Shown here is a schematic showing how two Ethernet devices connect together over a Category 5 (“Cat 5”) twisted-pair cable, with no DC power conveyed over the cabling:ĭigital data consists of voltage pulses over time (AC, essentially), conducted between the two devices over two sets of twisted-pair wires. The IEEE standard 802.3af is one example of a power-over-Ethernet standard. In later years, however, upgrades to the standard allowed DC power to be conveyed over the same wire pairs. Originally, Ethernet was intended to be a network standard for conveying digital data only, without power. Assume that only one component is faulted.Įthernet is a popular communications standard for many digital devices, personal computers included. The first row of the table should contain many possible fault labels (because with little data there are many possibilities), but as more measurements are taken you should be able to limit the possibilities.
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A technician takes four voltage measurements between the following test points with both switches in the “on” position:Ĭomplete this expanded table, following the technician’s steps in the same order as the voltage measurements were taken, labeling each component’s status as either “O” (possibly open), “S” (possibly shorted), or “OK” (known to be good). Now, the motor refuses to operate when both switches are closed. In this example, I show a step-up transformer with a 1:2 step ratio:Īssuming the load resistance is completely different from the first (isolation transformer) circuit, what can you deduce about the load current and the power (both source and load) in this circuit? Is the load current less than the source current? Is the load current greater than the source current? Is the load power greater than the source power? Explain your answers.Īn AC motor receives reduced voltage through a step-down transformer so it may properly operate on a 277 volt source:Īfter years of trouble-free operation, something fails. With a step-up transformer, the load voltage will be greater than the supply voltage. Now suppose we analyze a circuit containing a step-up transformer (one with more turns of wire in the secondary coil than in the primary coil). If we calculate power output by the source and power dissipated by the load, the value is the same: 420 Watts (P = IV). If an isolation transformer (a transformer with the same number of “turns” in the primary and secondary coils) is connected between an AC source and an AC load, we will measure the same voltage and the same current at both source and load terminals:
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